• ^ ',' Reuters UK, 10 June 2008 •. Archived from on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2012-11-04. Archived from on 2014-04-03. Retrieved 2012-12-22.

Retrieved 2011-06-09. Archived from on 2013-03-28.

Retrieved 2013-03-30. Retrieved 2009-07-26. Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2009-07-26. • by Bruce Weber in The New York Times, 15 June 2008 • ^ Chingiz Aitmatov.

In both Russian and Kyrgyz, many of his works, which are predominantly long short stories and novellas, were originally written in the latter language. Jan 18, 2019 - Alternative Titles: Kirghizia, Kirgiz Soviet Socialist Republic, Kirgiziya, Kyrgyz Republic, Kyrgyz Respublikasy. Kyrgyzstan, country of Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan, known under Russian and Soviet rule as Kirgiziya, was conquered by tsarist Russian forces in the 19th century.

Translated by Fainna Glagoleva. Prepared for the Internet by Iraj Bashiri, 2002.

• Arcade: This is where you can take part in various game modes, such as Arcade, All-Star Mode, Test Your Might, Event Match, and a variety of mini-games. Chertezhi linkora yamato. Additionally, you may create your own original characters here. Includes all free battle modes of Smash Bros and PlayStation All-Stars. • Customization: Use this mode to customize your characters' appearance, from the color of their outfit to their hairstyle.

• ^ Chingiz Aitmatov. Translation into English by Progress Publishers, 1973 (in English) • • 2007-08-21 at the, book preview • Iraj Bashiri. (in English) (discussion of Aitmatov's characters) •. Open letter to writer Chingiz Aitmatov, May 5, 1988 (in Russian) • ('Irina Melnikova: I view the opportunity to work on Aitmatov's Collected Works as a gift of fate') (An interview with the editor of a Four-volume collection of Aitmatov's work), 2015-05-27 Secondary sources [ ] • Kolesnikoff, Nina. Myth in the Works of Chingiz Aitmatov. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1999.

• Tumanov, Vladimir '.' 38 (1–2 March–June)1996: 135-154.

External links [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. • (in Russian) •.: Stories by Chingiz Aitmatov and Iraj Bashiri's articles about the writer (in English) • • •.

Tien Shan mountain chain Panoramic view of the Tien Shan mountain chain in Kyrgyzstan. © Michal Knitl/Shutterstock.com To the southwest are two great hollows, the and another valley close to Mount Khan-Tengri. The latter valley is bounded by the westward-thrusting arms of the Kungey-Alatau and Terskey-Alatau ranges and contains (Issyk-Kul), whose clear deep waters are fed by the snow-covered peaks. The rugged mountain-and-basin structure of much of the country, and the high alpine plateau of the central and eastern regions, are separated from the Fergana Valley on the west by the, running southeast to northwest, which merges into the.

The Chatkal Range is linked to the by a final enclosing range, the. The only other important lowlands in the country are the and Talas river valleys in the north, with the capital, Bishkek, located in the Chu. The country’s lowland areas, though occupying only one-seventh of the total area, are home to most of its people.

Chu River The Chu River, in the Chu Valley, near Millyanfan, Kyrgyzstan. Vladimir Menkov Climate Kyrgyzstan’s great distance from the oceans and the sharp change of elevation from plains strongly influence the country’s climate.

Deserts and plains surround Kyrgyzstan on the north, west, and southeast, making the contrast with the climate and landscape of its mountainous interior all the more striking. The lower parts of its fringing ranges lie in belts of high temperature and receive hot, drying winds from the deserts beyond. The amount of precipitation the country’s westward- and northward-facing slopes receive increases with their height. The valleys have hot dry summers, with a mean July temperature of 82 °F (28 °C). In January the average temperature is −0.5 °F (−18 °C). Annual precipitation varies from 7 inches (180 mm) in the eastern Tien Shan to 30 to 40 inches (760 to 1,000 mm) in the Kyrgyz and Fergana ranges. In the most populous valleys, rainfall ranges from 4 to 20 inches (100 to 500 mm) a year.

Plant and animal life Woodlands run along the lower valleys and on slopes of the north-facing ranges. These are coniferous forests, containing the striking Tien Shan white spruce and occupying 3 to 4 percent of the country’s area. The,, lynx,, and ermine live in the woodlands. Wooded ravines and the valleys of the mountainous steppe regions provide the of the argali, a, along with mountain goats, deer, and snow leopards. In the, yellow gophers, jerboas, hares, and a large-eared hedgehog are typical. Settlement patterns Between 1926 and 1989 the urban portion of the Kyrgyz population grew from almost nothing to more than one-fifth, though the remained a minority in most cities and towns. During this period fewer than one-fourth of the inhabitants of the capital, Frunze (now Bishkek), were Kyrgyz; Slavs made up more than half of the city’s population.

Southern Kyrgyzstan tends to be rural and Islamic, but the more urbanized Western-oriented north has traditionally dominated the country. Only about one-third of the total population is urban, however, while nearly two-thirds is rural. Aytmatov, Chingiz Chingiz Aytmatov, 2003. Bubamara State-sponsored troupes, a theatre of opera and ballet, and the Kyrgyzstan Philharmonic Orchestra perform in concert halls and theatre buildings erected during the Soviet period. The Museum of History and the Arts is located in Bishkek.